Leadership Style and Performance Essay Example for Free

Initiative Style and Performance Essay A diagram of the subject of initiative styles sums up that the current investigations on how execution is influenced by authority style is isolated into significant stages. Early investigations on initiative (much of the time sorted as ‘trait’ concentrates on administration) focused on recognizing the character attributes which described effective pioneers (Argyris, 1955; Mahoney et al. , 1960). As per them fruitful pioneers are ‘naturally born’ and those they have certain local qualities which recognize them from non-pioneers (see Stodgill, 1948). In any case, there was huge trouble in approving these attributes prompted broad analysis of this characteristic methodology, flagging the development of ‘style’ and ‘behavioral’ ways to deal with administration (Stodgill, 1948). Style and conduct scholars moved the accentuation away from the attributes of the pioneer to the conduct and style the pioneer received. The primry finish of these investigations is that selection of just or participative styles by pioneers are increasingly fruitful (see, for instance, Bowsers and Seashore, 1966). In this sense, these early examinations are centered around distinguishing the ‘one most ideal method of leading’. Thus to quality speculations, the significant shortcoming of style and social hypotheses is the obliviousness of how significant job situational factors play in deciding the viability of individual pioneers (Mullins, 1999). It is this constraint that offers ascend to the ‘situational’ and ‘contingency’ hypotheses of administration (for instance, Fiedler, 1967; House, 1971; Vroom and Yetton, 1974) which move the accentuation away from ‘the one most ideal approach to lead’ to setting touchy initiative. Albeit each examination underlines the significance of various components, the general fundamental of the situational and possibility points of view is that administration adequacy is subject to the leader’s conclusion and comprehension of situational factors, trailed by the reception of the suitable style to manage every condition. Be that as it may, late investigations on initiative have stood out ‘transactional’ authority from ‘transformational’. Value-based pioneers are supposed to be ‘instrumental’ and regularly center around trade relationship with their subordinates. Interestingly, transformational pioneers are contended to be visionary and eager, with a natural capacity to persuade subordinates. Despite the fact that the concise synopsis above demonstrates that examination into initiative has experienced times of doubt, ongoing interest has concentrated on the significance of the position of authority to the achievement of associations. Fiedler (1996), one of the most regarded scientists on authority, has given an ongoing treatise on the significance of initiative by contending that the viability of a pioneer is a significant determinant of the achievement or disappointment of a gathering, association or even a whole nation. It has been contended that single direction wherein associations have looked to adapt to the expanding instability and disturbance of the outside condition is via preparing and creating pioneers and outfitting them with the aptitudes to adapt. These cases depend on the suspicion of an immediate connection among administration and authoritative execution. This suspicion requires basic audit. Broadly praised instances of an immediate leadershipâ€performance connection might be found in various recounted records of enhancements of organization execution credited to changes in authority (see, for instance, Nicholls, 1988; Quick, 1992; Simms, 1997). In any case, observational examinations into the connections among initiative and execution have been deficient. One remarkable special case is the itemized investigation of the effect of authority on execution in the to some degree amazing setting of Icelandic angling ships. Thorlindsson (1987) proposes that varieties in the exhibition of various angling ships, under indistinguishable conditions, can be represented by the administration abilities of skippers. Over a three-year time span, Thorlindsson uncovered that the initiative characteristics of the boat commanders represented 35 to 49 percent of variety in the catch of various teams. Different investigations which look at the connections among administration and execution concur with the reappearance of the ‘one most ideal approach to lead’ banter. Of specific importance is the resurgence of enthusiasm into alluring administration, which is much of the time alluded to as transformational initiative (Bass and Avolio, 1993). Various specialists conjecture that transformational authority is connected to authoritative execution. Theoretically, it is contended that the visionary and helpful aptitudes of transformational pioneers spur adherents to convey predominant execution. In rundown, a great part of the above proof introduced as supporting the case of a leadershipâ€performance connect is narrative and much of the time over-focuses on the ‘transformational’ job of pioneers in corporate triumphs. No doubt scarcely any investigations have reacted to the perception of Porter and Mckibbin (1988) that a significant part of the examination detailed as supporting this case is either uncertain or exactly suspect. The constrained or uncertain character of exploration discoveries around there proposes the need to examine further the idea of the connection among administration and execution. A few unique classes of initiative ideal models have been recommended by different analysts. For instance, Bass (1985) expressed that there are four elements of transformational authority, three components of value-based initiative, and a non-administration measurement of free enterprise authority (Bass, 1985). Avery (2004) recommended ordering initiative into four authority ideal models, while Goleman (1995) favors six administration ideal models. In spite of Bass’s (1985) model being acclaimed as making a significant commitment to authority, his hypothesis has been scrutinized for different reasons (Yukl, 1999). One analysis is that his model overemphasizes the significance of a couple of initiative ideal models (e. g. value-based and visionary), excluding the old style and natural ideal models Bass affirms that visionary (transformational) pioneers are about in every case more successful than value-based pioneers, yet others (e. g. Judge and Piccolo, 2004; Wallace, 1997) debate this. While this in itself doesn't nullify the idea of visionary administration, Bass ascribes more to visionary (transformational) authority than maybe he should. As Avery (2004) proposed, both value-based and visionary initiative are legitimate types of administration, yet visionary authority might be pertinent all the more extensively, remembering for circumstances where there are deficient assets for the administrator to depend on providing outside remunerations (Judge and Piccolo, 2004), or where the circumstance is perplexing and vague, and depends emphatically on adherent information and responsibility. Avery recommends that there are different circumstances where value-based authority is the fitting type of initiative, for example, when supporters are reluctant or incapable to focus on the leader’s vision. Interestingly with Bass’s (1985) model, Avery’s (2004) ideal models give an expansive premise permitting to various types of administration that have developed at various occasions and in better places. The ideal models are valuable for demonstrating that there is no single most ideal perspective about initiative, rather that various types of authority reflect social and recorded roots. Avery’s standards permit initiative to rely upon the unique situation, react to hierarchical necessities and inclinations, and include numerous reliant components that can be controlled (Bryman, 1992; Shamir and Howell, 1999; Yukl, 1999). Avery (2004) proposes 13 files to separate between her four ideal models: old style, value-based, visionary, and natural. The nine files remembered for this survey are dynamic, scope of staff’s power, power separation among pioneer and the staff, key player of the association, wellspring of staff’s duty, staff’s obligation, circumstance of the board and authority in the association, circumstance of decent variety in the association and circumstance of control in the association. These nine rules are viewed as progressively significant for separating the four administration ideal models than the other four measures. Every worldview is talked about thus, including the distinctive qualities utilizing the over nine models. Old style administration is most likely the most established worldview with its beginnings in days of yore, is as yet utilized in contemporary associations (Avery, 2004). This worldview mirrored the predominant view in the business writing until the 1970s when the human relations development prompted to a greater extent an attention on devotees and their condition. As indicated by Avery (2004), traditional initiative alludes to predominance by a pre-prominent individual or a ‘elite’ gathering of individuals. This initiative can either be coercive or kindhearted or a blend of both. This happens in light of the fact that the tip top individual or gathering orders or moves different individuals to act towards an objective, which could possibly be unequivocally expressed. Different individuals from the general public or association normally hold fast to the mandates of the tip top pioneer, don't transparently scrutinize their orders, and execute arranges to a great extent out of dread of the results of not doing as such, or keeping in mind the pioneer, or both (Avery, 2004). Old style administration has a few confinements. The first happens where the pioneer can't order and control each activity, especially as circumstances become progressively perplexing and past the limit of one individual; or when extra responsibility from supporters is expected to complete a vocation, for example, in responding to evolving conditions; or when thoughts regarding initiative change and devotees no more

Analysis on Ernie Pyle’s on World War II Essay

In Ernie Pyle’s â€Å"On World War II†, he offered a couple of expressions. His announcements are promptly about World War II, yet they can be applied to almost every other war. Edward Pyle inserted his messages into the perusing the cunning utilization of expository gadgets and metaphorical language. Of the couple of messages that Edward Pyle made, one of them is more conspicuous than the other. â€Å"Anything and everything is expendable.† Pyle was suggesting that in war, a man’s life is sadly not any more significant than the hardware he employments. This can be inferred to practically any war that has occurred previously. The men and their gear can be supplanted right away. The other message implanted inside Pyle’s story is nearly something contrary to the past one. â€Å"There were the most recent letters from home, with the location on every one flawlessly razored out-one of the security precautionary measures upheld before the young men embarked.† Here, Pyle was discussing the significance of the in any case â€Å"expendable† men. They are not simply some replaceable toy warriors to try out some new methodologies. They have families and companions off of the front line. They may be just a single individual on the planet, however they can be the world to one individual; which implies they are essential and undependable. Ernie Pyle utilizes expository gadgets, for example, depiction to move his messages to the peruser. His messages are about the people in the war, yet can be inferred to each huge scope war. The primary messages are alternate extremes of one another; one is of the individual’s significance and the other of their irrelevance.

Will an Unpaid Debt Ever Go Away On Its Own (Yes, But Dont Hold Your Breath For It.)

Will an Unpaid Debt Ever Go Away On Its Own (Yes, But Dont Hold Your Breath For It.) Will Unpaid Debt Ever Go Away On Its Own? (Yes, But Dont Hold Your Breath.) Will Unpaid Debt Ever Go Away On Its Own? (Yes, But Dont Hold Your Breath.)Once the statute of limitations for a debt has passed, it becomes uncollectable. But in the meantime, it can still do lots  of financial damage.We all know that diamonds are forever, but what about unpaid debts? Do those come with an expiration date? While paying back the debts you owe is super important, we all know that there are times where it just ain’t going to happen. But do debts ever really expire?The completely accurate answer is: No, they don’t. But the more realistic answer is: sort of. Because debts aren’t really like diamonds at all. They have statutes of limitations. After a while, most personal debts will become basically uncollectable.Here’s what happens when you get sent to collections.When you fail to pay back a debt (with loans, this referred to as “defaulting”), it gets sent to collections. Sometimes this is a separate department at the lender itself, but most of the time the le nder just sells the debt to a collections agency. The same holds true with medical debt.When you’ve been sent to collections, the agency will usually try to contact you and demand payment. They may do so by phone, email, regular mail, or text message. They might also try and employ a lot of sketchy tactics like threats or harassment or pretending they are someone that they are not.Third party debt collection is mainly governed by the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA). To learn more about legal and illegal debt collections practices, check out our blog post: What Debt Collectors Can and Can’t Do.One thing that debt collections can do is take you to court over an unpaid debt. They usually wait to employ that option because no one likes going to court, not even debt collectors. If the judge issues a ruling in their favor, they can garnish your wagesâ€"taking a portion of your paycheck until the debt is paid off.However, there is something that debt collectors cannot do. Th ey cannot collect on your debt forever.Debts come with a statute of limitations.Think about a statute of limitations like a time limit. After a certain amount of time, a debt becomes uncollectible in the same way that, after a certain amount of time, a person cannot be prosecuted for certain crimes.Now, this doesn’t mean that you can take out a personal loan or a credit card or receive a bill for medical services and just wait it out without any repercussions. For one, failing to pay back money that you owe will wreak absolute havoc on your credit score.Plus, these statutes of limitations last for a matter of years, so you’re much more likely to get taken to court over an unpaid debt and have your wages garnished during the period when the debt is collectible than you are to successfully wait it out.For the most part, the statute of limitations on a debt will start ticking after the date of your most recent payment. So let’s say you take out a personal installment loan with a six-year statute of limitations, and after three years you stop making payments. The statute wouldn’t come into effect until six years after that last paymentâ€"nine years after you first took out the loan.The statute  of limitations on a  debt will depend on the what and the where.The statue of limitations on a debt will vary based on two factors: the type of contract that was signed and the state in which the debt was taken out. Oh, and when we state we mean, like, Delaware or Illinois, not state of mind or state of inebriation. (You’ll be hard-pressed to get out of a loan agreement by arguing that you signed it while drunk.)The four basic types of loan contracts are:Oral Agreement: This is debt agreement that is made verbally, without a written documentation of the agreement. (We generally recommend you don’t do this, especially with friends or family.)Written Contract: This is debt agreement that is made in writing. It must be signed by both parties.Promissory Note: These are like written contracts, but they include a deadline for repayment and stated information on the interest rate.An Open-Ended Agreement: These are like written contracts, but they are specifically for accounts with a revolving balance, like credit cards.And now here’s where it gets really fun. Not only are there four different types of contracts, but the statutes of limitation vary across all 50 states. That makes for a total of 200 different statutes of limitations to keep track of at the national level.To check out a handy-dandy table that lays out all 200 statutes, check out our blog post: Does Medical Debt Really Go Away After Seven Years?A statute of limitations is not a “get out of jail free” card for debt.Remember that blog post we just mentioned? The one from two seconds ago? You should also read it if you’ve ever heard of the so-called “seven-year rule” for medical debt. Basically, the rule says that medical debts expire after seven years, which isn’t true a t all.This urban myth probably arose from two factors: the statute of limitations and the amount of time (seven years) that a debt will stay on your credit report. Unfortunately, it’s just not that simple. No debt ever is.In general, it isn’t helpful to think of the statute of limitations on a given debt as a finish line that you have to cross. It is there to protect people from getting taken advantage of by predatory collectors who will dredge up old loans or medical bills and intimidate people into paying them.If you are having trouble paying back a loan, credit card, or other debt, you should talk to a credit counselor or even contact your creditors directly to try and negotiate more favorable terms. You might even want to consider filing for bankruptcy protection.Don’t try to outlast your debts. Instead, you should face them head on and take responsibility for them. In the long run, you’ll be much better for it.To learn more about getting out of debt, check out these rel ated posts and articles from OppLoans:Understanding Debt Relief: An Interview With Michael Bovee of The Consumer Recovery NetworkWhat is the Debt to Income Ratio?Are Balance Transfers a Good Way to Pay Down Debt?Have you ever had someone try to collect on a debt that was past the statute of limitations? We want to hear about it!  You can  email us,  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.

Behavior Modification And Operant Conditioning - 869 Words

The effort to complete a successful change in behavior is known as behavior modification. The whole definition of the term as discovered by psychologist B.F Skinner forâ€Å" the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences. He called this approach operant conditioning(McLeod).† The name which went on to be distinguishable from the term classical conditioning which is commonly referenced to the study of Pavlov’s dog. Behavior modification/operant condition is drastically different from this in that the have several techniques both positive and negative to insure a positive change in condition. Does this always work? The experiment and the results are proof in case for each individual study . B.F Skinner first showed us operant conditioning through the use of animals (rats/pigeons) to show how the effects of positive/negative reinforces as techniques help the progression of a modification in behavior (also known as operant conditioning). Which do you suppose is more effective a positive reinforcement or a negative reinforcement in operant conditioning? B.F Skinner developed three different type of responses to signify the importance of his study ;â€Å"Neutral Operants, Reinforcers, and Punishers† (McLeod). They are defined as below: Netural Operants-responses from the environment that neither increase or decrease the probability of a behavior being repeated.(McLeod) Reinforcers- there are two types: positive and negative.Show MoreRelatedApplied Behavioral Analysis and Case Studies Bobby, Jackie, and Emma1712 Words   |  7 Pagesscience that aims to systematically apply intervention processes using the behavior learning theory in order to remove or change undesirable socially significant behaviors (Cooper, Heron, Heward, 2007). Applied behavioral analysis can be applied in many setting and situations and the intervention process and techniques depend on those settings and individual situati ons. Applied behavioral analysis is used to modify target behaviors that can occur in the home, in the community, in an educational settingRead MoreRespondent and Instrumental Conditioning as Related to Phobias and Addictions1004 Words   |  5 PagesRespondent and Instrumental Conditioning as related to Phobias and Addictions Many people who suffer from phobias also suffer from addictions. This is largely due in part to the reluctance to seek professional treatment for the phobia. People turn to other means to cope with their phobias which in turn leads to addictions. Dependence is such an issue with addiction that stopping is very difficult and causes severe physical and mental reactions. Therapist use a technique called extinction toRead MoreAll Behavior Caused By External Stimuli Operant Conditioning1193 Words   |  5 PagesAll behavior caused by external stimuli operant conditioning). All behavior can be explained without the need to consider internal mental states or consciousness. 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His father was a lawyer and his mother wasRead MoreCompare and Constrast Classical and Operant Conditioning737 Words   |  3 Pagescontrast classical and operant conditioning, their theories, terminology, famous psychologists and applications of the theory for teaching. Classical and operant conditioning are two important concepts central to behavioral psychology. While both result in learning, the processes are quite different. In order to understand how each of these behavior modification techniques can be used, it is also essential to understand how classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ from one anotherRead MoreOperant Vs. Classical Conditioning1211 Words   |  5 PagesOperant and Classical Conditioning Tiara Gordon PS 210 Professor Rivera Introduction Operant and Classical conditioning reminds me of the famous controversy, nature vs nurture. It’s like having a pessimistic or optimistic view on learning techniques and how much of the environment or genes influence the two. These learned behaviors have been scrutinized by people alike, some have debated that everything we do from the time we wake up to the time we go to sleep is operant conditioningRead MoreBehaviral Tools926 Words   |  4 Pages There are approaches service workers may find helpful when working with various clients and working in different situations. To focus on creating healthy behaviors, this report on behavioral tools looks at effective methods of implementing change through the following: client centered approaches, grounding techniques, and operant conditioning through positive and negative reinforcements. The report will also assist human service workers identify some situations that the stated approaches may beRead MoreEssay on Psychology: The Stud y of the Mind and Behavior755 Words   |  4 Pagesthe study of mind and behavior. This discipline is characterized by several concepts and approaches that are used by psychologists in understanding human behavior. Since psychology is a broad field, psychologists not only use these concepts and approaches but also conduct scientific research that enables them to understand human behavior. Some of the most common psychological concepts that are used to modify or change an individual’s behavior include operant conditioning, positive and negativeRead MoreComparison Of Ivan Pavlov And John Watson978 Words   |  4 Pages In 1903 a Russian physiologist by the name of Ivan Pavlov first developed an experiential model of learning called Classical Conditioning (Lautenheiser 1999). An example if Classical Conditioning would be ringing a bell when it is time for your pet to eat. The pet hears the bell and over time is conditioned that when the bell rings its dinner time thus begins to salivate, and eventually learns to be conditioned to responding to the bell in a specific manner. The bases was that neutral stimulusRead MoreBehavior Modification Essay example839 Words   |  4 PagesBehavior Modification Behavior Modification, a psychological theory of human behavior. It evolved from the application of experimentally derived principles of learning to the modification of problem behaviors. The theory is based on a psychological model of human behavior that rejects the psychoanalytic or quasi-disease model of mental illness. Approaches to behavior modification assume that abnormal behavior is acquired and maintained in the same manner as normal behavior and can be changed

Life After Persuasive Essay Social Media Topics Beneficial to the Society

Life After Persuasive Essay Social Media Topics Beneficial to the Society Lies You've Been Told About Persuasive Essay Social Media Topics Beneficial to the Society The selection of topic is the most significant and foremost step to finish. You're able to easily debate the topic and it'll make it simpler that you persuade the opinion of others. Deciding upon the most suitable topic is the most crucial job. Picking the most suitable topic for a persuasive speech may be not such an easy matter to do as it might appear. Overall, you can observe that writing a persuasive essay isn't a brain surgery. You can give your subject of interest to the essay writers. If you think that you don't have enough skills for writing your persuasive speech, you can hire expert help. A detailed guide about how to compose a persuasive essay can be found on our site. Social networking sites like Facebook is currently becoming the most important resource for sharing news and updates. Social media content created by men and women without a corporation even Facebook cannot control it. To start with, social networking, like Facebook, are extremely addictive. Individuals would say drug or alcohol is more addicted than social media or societal media addiction isn't big difficulties, but it's not accurate. Social anxiety can put kids and teens in fear of the actual Earth, and lead them to turn into socially-isolated. Social networking is regarded as an addiction and a lot of people are becoming addicts every single day. Anyway, the government should also offer the right to safeguard the authenticity of information. Greater use of social media can result in poor sleeping patterns. The very first reason social media has helped is because it permits you to keep in contact with friends and loved ones. They should be an entertaining thing for all people to be able to play games, and connect with distant friends and family. The use of technology has affected human life to that extent that we're literally based on the technology in our everyday lives. The technology has also altered the way we communicate with different folks. Nowadays t echnology can be viewed everywhere. Social networking makes much easier for the people to cooperate with one another, either for business purposes or socially, by sitting anywhere on the planet. Social media is supposed to boost an individual's quality of life, and can lessen health risks. It does have negative effects as well, but are nothing compared to the advantages of using it. It has already completely changed the way people interact in the world, but also it is advancing more to make it easier to access. Some people think that social media addiction is a myth, but others argue it is an actual thing. The excessive use of social media has brought about plenty of strain and unhappiness in teens, and there's no excuse for it. The media has a large effect on children in the way they perceive certain events and acts. On the flip side, the media is notorious for taking things out of context and even causing panic when it isn't necessary. Prior exposure or knowledge about a specific subject provides better hindsight that may bring much better arguments on the issue. In earlier times people necessary to meet physically thus there was a limitation concerning how many prospective mates one could reach out to at any certain time. Actually there's drastic change in comparison to the early years where kids used to devote a lot time with one another or parents playing or only sharing stories. There's a significant remedy to your issue! One-of-a-kind and compelling topic ideas can play a crucial role in engaging and persuading the audience. This informative article covers pros and cons of social networking. Research is vital to understand what catchy and fun persuasive speech topics that you want to write about. The main reason is it may cause your audience to eliminate interest in what you're saying. Once it's possible to debate on the subject, you aim to change other's opinions or simply persuasion is going to be achieved. Even if you think in a specific argument very strongly, if you lack the evidence to show your point, then your argument might just be as great as lost. Normally, having three key arguments to show your point is sufficient for a convincing paper.

Mas-Cadel Specialty Bicycle Free Essays

string(69) " customers to make sure that customers can purchase desirable bikes\." Cadel Specialty Bicycle Management Accounting Systems ACCT2195 Name: Nguyen Thai Son ID: S3296794 Lecturer: Keshav Dayalani Table of Contents Executive Summary3 Introduction4 I. Cadel Specialty Bicycles’ (CSB)5 A. Business mission5 B. We will write a custom essay sample on Mas-Cadel Specialty Bicycle or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mean of competitive advantage6 C. Key Success Factors (KSFs)8 II. Management Accounting System of CSB9 ?Personnel9 ?Scare resources10 ?Activities11 III. Performance measurement Reward System (PMRS) and its roles11 1. The factors to be measured12 2. A specific performance target12 . A reward attached to the performance target12 IV. Limitations of current PMRS14 A. Limitation14 B. Dysfunctional behavior15 V. Recommendation for new PMRS16 Conclusion17 References18 Appendix20 Executive Summary Cadel Specialty Bicycle (CSB) is a successful business of which nature is made-to-order bicycles. In other words, each bicycle of CSB is assembled in accordance with customer’s specification. The business aims to target on the niche market in which almost people are committed cycling enthusiast. Due the success of the first store located in Doncaster, Victoria, Australia, CSB has recently expand its business by opening two new stores located in Geelong Black Rock and each store has different potential in the track of development . However, CSB has faced problems of personnel resources management because the business had not applied the suitable strategies within the expansion. Although, the company plans to implement a new management accounting system (MAS) to deal with these problems, there still are weaknesses contained in the new MAS. Hence, the purposes of this report are analyzing the current system and suggesting new suitable MAS for the business. The first demonstration of the report is Background Current position of CSB, which is used as a foundation for developing suitable MAS. The business mission of CSB, classified as â€Å"Question mark†, is building as well as increasing the market share. CSB creates its competitive advantage based on the differentiation of product/service and the niche market. However, CSB has not reached the Cost-cum-Differentiation advantage yet. CSB may focus on the five key success factors (KSFs) including Proper decentralization measurement of manager’s performance, Good relationship with suppliers, Establishing appropriate costing system minimizing cost, Maintaining the highest level of customer satisfaction and Product Service Quality The second part of the report focus on evaluating the role as well as benefits of tools/techniques of current MAS in supporting the business in term of of personnel, scare resources and activities. Next, the role of Performance measurement Reward system (PMRS) within the business is clearly analyzed in relation to directional motivational influences on behavior. The report also states the limitations of the current PMRS which potentially leads to dysfunction behaviors. Finally, the report will suggest the suitable PMRS for the business which may effectively efficiently support CSB in the track of its success. Introduction One of the most essential factors which guide organizations and businesses toward success is management accounting system (MAS). It is always a smart decision for business to apply integrated MAS which provides accurate analysis report by gathering financial data from operations (sales, inventory cost). As a result of having MAS, business gains sufficient advantages in streamlining operations procedures, reducing costs and building capital for expansion. Refer to the case of Cadel Specialty Bicycle (CSB), the business mainly focus on selling made-to-order bicycles and guaranteeing the product/service quality. After the expansion (two new stores), the business seems to get into trouble with management as well as operation. This report will demonstrate the business analysis, evaluate the current MAS as well as suggest new potential/appropriate MAS. I. Cadel Specialty Bicycles’ (CSB) A. Business mission Business mission, â€Å"which usually reveals purpose of operation, value and priorities of company† (JohnRichard 2009), can be considered as a fundamental factor in conducting appropriate MAS for the business. The following criteria will clearly illustrate the current mission of CSB (build, hold, harvest, divest): * Importance of externalities One factor that significantly contributes to the potential development of CSB is the external environment. Recently, bike paths have become popular around Melbourne as people tend to reduce using cars. Therefore, there has been a significant growth in the market for bicycles. Utilizing the bike paths, CSB opened two new stores (Black Rock Geelong) which seem to have great potential for development. * Market share expectation Due to the well establishment, Doncaster store (touring bikes) is highly demanded by customers that provide the store many opportunities to develop. Besides, Geelong store (mountain touring bikes) also has great potential thanks to its advantageous location although the demand is not yet as high as at the Doncaster store. As a result of having great potential, the Market share expectations of the two stores seem to be high. Although CSB does not own a large part of the bicycle market at the moment, the business has a substantial growth rate. Base on facts of the case, â€Å"CSB aim to capture a significant proportion of this growth in the future†. Boston Consulting Group Model Relative Market Share (cash source) Mission = Hold Mission = Harvest Mission = Build â€Å"Dog† Mission = Divest High High Low Low â€Å"Star† â€Å"Question mark† â€Å"Cash cow† Market growth rate (cash user) Overall, CSB has high Market growth rate while owning low market share. Hence, the business can be classified in to â€Å"Question mark† and the business mission of CSB is building as well as increasing the market share. B. Mean of competitive advantage Competitive advantage is a special characteristic that a business has over its competitors, enabling the business to gain greater sales or profit within the competition. The two common competitive advantage options, which have been applied by CSB, are Differentiation Niche market. * Differentiation: CSB differentiates its products services based on certain criteria which are Function Customer service. * Function Unlike normal bicycle business, CSB primarily applies the made-to-order function for all three stores which assemble customized bicycles based on customer specifications. In order to ensure the timing success of this approach, a large inventory of different bicycle parts is held by each CSB stores. * Customer service CSB puts much effort on the operating customer service as well as interacting with customers. Cadel- CSB owner spends significant time in taking care of store’s day-to-day operations and often engages directly with customers to make sure that customers can purchase desirable bikes. You read "Mas-Cadel Specialty Bicycle" in category "Essay examples" CSB also sets a limit for the waiting time (time for customized bicycles to be available) which are less than two days of the initial consultation. The applied post-sale service is calling the customer after a week of taking possession of CSB’s products to ensure the customer’s satisfaction, and offering free-of-charge changes if necessary. Additionally, free lifetime after-sales service is also offered in which customers only have to pay for parts required. * Niche Market CSB targets on specific segment of market which is cycling enthusiast through the offer of customized bicycles. This customer group willing to spend more for qualified desirable product Business competitive advantage Relative Cost Position Cost-cum-Differentiation Advantage Stuck-in-the -middle† Differentiation Advantage Low-cost-Advantage Superior Inferior Inferior Superior Relative Differentiation Position Although CSB gains moderate differentiation advantage, the business did not consider much about the costing system (estimating price without real cost data). Therefore, CSB has not reached the Cost-cum-Differentiation advantage yet. C. Key Success Factors (KSFs) In order to construct appropriate efficient MAS, business may consider the essence of critical KSFs which determine its success (cost and efficiency, quality, time, innovation). Gaining sufficient knowledge of KSFs will support the business to define the necessity of promoting strengths and competencies that match those factors in order to gain competitive advantage and achieve the business success (JorgeDonald 1989). Refer to CSB- a growing business with great potential, certain KSFs would be as the following: * Product Service Quality Cadel spends considerable time in training the store manager and often personally assembles checks the customized bicycles to ensure the Service Product quality. As a result, CSB is currently well known as a business providing high quality, customized bicycle. * Maintaining the highest level of customer satisfaction Giving customers more than they expect is the basic concept of this issue. As Cadel believe that specialized customer service is a KSF of CSB, he put many efforts in maintaining the customer satisfaction such as calling the customer after a week of possession, offering free lifetime after-sales service limiting the waiting time (2days). Establishing appropriate costing system minimizing cost A weakness of CSB is that the business operates without real cost data. Hence, establishing suitable costing system has become a fundamental mission in the track of reaching success. Besides, CSB has to consider cost minimization to achieve Cost-cum-Differentiation advantage. * Good relationship with suppliers Since the expansion, the demand for supplies of CSB has increased due to the requirement of more inventories for the two new stores. Therefore, finding and maintaining good relationship with suppliers is also essential. Proper decentralization measurement of managers performance It is essential that Cadel distributes the authority to store managers properly because the business structure has become more complicated since the expansion and Cadel cannot play all roles of the business. II. Management Accounting System of CSB In order to solve the problems arisen from the expansion, Cadel’s brother has suggested Cadel to develop a MAS which significantly supports the business management in term of personnel, scare resources and activities. The following analysis will demonstrate the roles benefits of each tool included in the MAS: Personnel * Supplier performance measures (SPM) SPM is a critical initiative for business dealing with multiple suppliers. The main role of SPM is integrating supplier quality which helps the business have accurate visibility toward supplier delivery and avoid hidden cost drivers f rom poor quality. As a result, SPM directly decreases business risks and revenue losses Besides, SPM is a vital tool for motivating improvement and ensuring that products meet the required standards. SPM also supports in determining good suppliers so that CSB can maintain relationship with those suppliers. Related KSFs: Product quality; Good relation with supplier * Responsibility accounting system (RAS) RAS is used as an internal system which improves cost control and business’s performance. Its main role is ensuring the responsibility of individual managers toward elements of business performance in which they gain control. In RA, each store/department will be assigned certain stated goals and relevant managers will be judged on how well they meet the goals. As a result, CSB is able to detect the weak areas within the business and make correction properly Related KSF: Proper decentralization measurement of managers performance Scare resources * Net Present Value (NPV) analyses NPV is an efficient method used in determining capital investment decisions. A potential project should be proceeded if its NPV value is positive unless there is a superior investment option offered. NPV allows CSB to make proper investment decision and invest in worthwhile projects because NPV does not only calculate the net cash flow from the project but also considers various associated factors like time value of money, opportunity cost risk of prospective cash. Related KSFs: Minimizing cost Costing system The main role Costing system within MAs is collecting, analyzing reporting the cost data that enables the owner and managers to monitor cost for reducing wastage and misuse of resources. Within the operation of business, it is easy to identify direct costs which associate with particular activities. However, indirect costs are those incurred in common or joint objectives so it cannot be clearly identified with particular activities. In order to assign indirect cost to projects accurately, Activity base costing system (ABCS) should be applied. ABCS is an efficient method which calculates and reduces operating the cost by finding key activities and its cost drivers. Consequently, the cost can be assigned accurately and the costing system can operate smoothly. Overall, costing system enables CSB to view all expenditures and manage its cost effectively Related KSFs: Establishing appropriate costing system minimizing cost * Budget preparation The core role of Budget within CSB is tracking all of the money coming into the business along with all of the money going out. The budget can be designed to be detailed enough to cover numerous streams of income expense. Establishing proper budget can significantly support the business in planning the use of resources, motivating individuals to achieve performance supporting forecast. * Activities * Inventory management system – Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) The main role EOQ model is providing the most economical quantity of items which CSB should order to maximize value minimize costs when re-stocking inventory. Applying EOQ does not only help the business to reduce Storage Holding cost but also support in maintaining sufficient inventory levels to meet customer demand. It seems that customer service can be improved as inventory is available when needed. Related KSFs: Establishing appropriate costing system minimizing cost; Maintaining the highest level of customer satisfaction * Profit and loss statements (PL) PL is one of the major financial statements which clearly demonstrate the profitability (revenue, expenses and profit) of the CSB during a specified time interval. Hence, the basic role of PL is indicating whether the business is profitable or not. Conducting a proper PL can enable CSB to notice the areas needing improvement and provide an overall idea of how much the business owes compared to how much it owns. Besides, a truthful PL report can also support CSB in planning ahead to the next financial period. III. Performance measurement Reward System (PMRS) and its roles Performance measurement is a process of gathering reporting nformation regarding the performance of the business individuals. To be effective, Performance measurement must be combined with Reward system and the rewards provided are based on performance. The overall role of PMRS is to periodically monitor performance to judge how well the business is running and motivate the personnel’s performance by Reward system. Both performance measure and rewards provide directional and motivational influence on behavior. However, each element of PMRS has its own roles which comp lement the system. PMRS contains three elements: 1. The factors to be measured| The first element clearly demonstrates the factors which will be measured in order to communicate important aspects of the business toward employees. Thanks to that, employees are able to concentrate their work into informed aspects/areas| * â€Å"Directional influence on behaviour† is mainly fulfilled by the roles of the first 2 elements (Measured factors Performance target). Within this method, employees are directed to achieve the desired behaviours. | 2. A specific performance target| The main mission of the second element is narrowing the targeted aspects into specific tasks/activities so that employees can focus, put effort and accomplish these tasks. Besides, the provided criteria in the system is also a base for owner/manager to provide feedback to improve future performances| | 3. A reward attached to the performance target| The Reward system is based on the concept of attracting, retaining and motivating people. As employees can be motivated by intrinsic (e. g. elf esteem) and extrinsic rewards (e. g. bonus), monetary reward is not the only important component of the Reward system. There are other factors which also efficiently encourage employees in improving performance. Based on Theoretical Framework (Khan KU, Farooq SU Ullah MI, 2010), there are generally four main independent variables of reward which are payment, promotion, recognition and benefits. Promotion seems to be the most efficient motivation as almost people ten d to have ambitiousness of getting better positions in the business/company. Moreover, different reward strategies would have a different motivational impact on diverse people. By providing attractive incentives, Reward system encourages individuals to actually undertake the tasks with intensive willing. According to Khan KU, Farooq SU Ullah MI, 2010, â€Å"there is a statistical significant relationship between all of the independent variables of reward with dependent variable employee work motivation, all the independent variables of reward have a positive influence on employee work motivation†. Overall, Reward system plays role as a way of having people work harder. | * â€Å"Motivational influence on behaviour†, meaning individuals are motivated to intentionally acquire the desired behaviours, is mainly achieved by the role of the third element which is Reward system. | In this case, CSB applies reward strategy in term of â€Å"bonus† providing to each store manager up to 20% of their quarterly income * Meeting sales budget * Bonus of 2% of manager’s quarterly income if they meet the sales budget for each quarter. * Meeting profit budget Bonus of 10% of manager’s quarterly income if they meet the profit budget, prepared at the start of each quarter * Achieving favourable cost variances: * Bonus of 4% of manager’s quarterly income if all favourable variances are less than 10% of the initial budgeted cost; * Bonus of 8% of manager’s quarterly income if all favourable variances are 10% or more of the initial budgeted cost. * Direction al influence supports individuals in focusing on the targeted areas and tasks. Besides, Motivational influence helps employees to do the work voluntarily and put much effort to successfully accomplish it. Moreover, Motivational influence is almost always less intrusive than Directional influence. As a result, the business’s personnel cannot be well managed without the combine of Directional influence Motivational influence. IV. Limitations of current PMRS A. Limitation B. Dysfunctional behavior * Dysfunctional behavior means that individuals within the organization/business do not function properly in accordance with the organization’s direction. Dysfunctional employee behaviors often occur due to the rapaciousness of individuals or conflict between employee’s interest and the organization’s interest. The general purpose of Dysfunctional employee behaviors is gaining benefits (either for personal or department) from organization’s gaps. * In this case, as a result of lack of measurement in input and process stage, managers have opportunities to engage in Dysfunctional behavior. It can be explained by the following situation: * If there is no mechanism for monitoring the consistency between input and output, managers may provide â€Å"unreliable report† which shows that they have reached the performance target and deserve rewards. Lack of input measurement also leads to the problem that managers purchase low quality material to reduce operation’s costs in order to reach the defined cost target. Consequently, it’s very difficult to discover such Dysfunctional behaviors without proper measurement. V. Recommendation for new PMRS Besides the Performance measure, several common Reward strategies are also suggested below: Conclusion As MAS is essential for bus iness’s operation, CSB cannot successfully expand its business without proper MAS. However, the new MAS, which CSB has planned to implement, still has several weaknesses. Therefore, the main purposes of this report are evaluating the current position (Business mission, Competitive advantage KSFs) and current MAS (including PMRS). The report also suggests the potential PMRS for the business. References ‘Competitive Advantage’, 2012, Investopedia US, viewed 28 July 2012, http://www. investopedia. com/terms/c/competitive_advantage. asp#axzz21h1qWFmY . Daniel, H, 2011, ‘Benefits of NPV’, BenefitOf, 27 July, viewed 28 July 2012, http://benefitof. net/benefits-of-npv/. John, AP II Richard, BR 2009, ‘Strategic management: Formulation, Implementation, and Control’, 11thedn. , McGraw Hill, Singapore. Jorge, AS Donald, CH 1989, ‘Key success factors: Test of a general theory in the mature industrial –product sector’, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 367-382. Khan, KU, Farooq, SU Ullah, MI, 2010, ‘The Relationship between Rewards and Employee’, Research Journal of Internat? onal Stud? es, May, Issue 14, pp. 37-42. Kumar, V, 2011, ‘Costing System’, Accounting Education, 14 February, viewed 27 July 2012, ;http://www. vtuition. org/2011/02/costing-system. html;. Meer, NVD, 2010, ‘The Importance of Competitive Advantage’, Market views, 12 September, viewed 28 July 2012, ;http://www. sharenet. co. za/marketviews/mv_view_article. php? id=1650;. Morris, K, 2012, ‘What is A Management Accounting System’, eHow Money, viewed 28 July 2012, ;http://www. ehow. com /facts_5460765_management-accounting-system. html;. ‘Motivational Influences on Attendance in Your Organization’, 2011, HR BLR, 1 January, viewed 27 July 2012, ;http://hr. blr. om/HR-news/Performance-Termination/Attendance/Motivational-Influences-on-Attendance-in-Your-Orga/;. Piasecki, D, 2012, ‘Optimizing economic order quantity (EOQ)’, Inventoryops, viewed 27 July 2012, ;http://www. inventoryops. com/economic_order_quantity. htm;. Reyna, SM, 2012, ‘Key Success Factors of Your Small Business’, Power Home Biz, viewed 27 July 2012, ;http://www. powerhomebiz. com/vol95/key. htm;. ‘Supplier Performance Management’, 2012, Metric Stream, viewed 28 July 2012, ;http://www. metricstream. com/solutions/supplier_performance. tm;. The university of Texas, 2012, ‘Performance Reward’, tmc. edu, viewed 27 July 2012, ;http://hr. uth. tmc. edu/Training_Development/perplan/reward. html;. ‘Value Measurement’, 2004, Performa nce measurement, viewed 27 July 2012, ;http://www. performance-measurement. net/news-detail. asp? nID=28;. ‘What is a Costing System’, 2012, Wise Geek, viewed 28 July 2012, ;http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-a-costing-system. htm;. ‘What Is Responsibility Accounting’, 2012, Wise Geek, viewed 28 July 2012, ;http://www. wisegeek. om/what-is-responsibility-accounting. htm;. Appendix * Porter’s Five Forces model for supporting an analysis of external environment Threats of New Entrants Bargaining Power of Suppliers Bargaining Power of Customers Rivalry among Industry Competitors * Porter’s value chain analysis for supporting an analysis of internal environment Design Production Marketing Distribution Support Activities: Finance, HR, Legal, IT Motivational influences A number of important motivational influences playing a strong role in encouraging employee include: * Job scope. Improving or enriching the nature of a job substantially reduces absenteeism. * Stress and conflict. Levels of absenteeism are higher in situations of job stress, anxiety, tension, and lack of role clarity. * Leadership style. Your leadership style affects attitudes that affect absenteeism. * Co-worker relations. Mutual tolerance and the absence of tensions among co-workers have a positive effect on attendance. * Pressures to attend. The economy and job shortages will influence a person to be more conscientious about job attendance. * Work group norms. When members of a highly cohesive group view coming to work to help co-workers as a desirable work ethic, job attendance is attractive. * Personal work ethic. A high regard for work as a personal value positively affects job attendance. * Organizational commitment. Compatibility with the mission, goals, and values of the organization has a positive impact on attendance. You can affect most of these motivational factors significantly by the way you manage your department and supervise your employees. By encouraging open communications, by making employees feel needed and appreciated, by making their jobs as How to cite Mas-Cadel Specialty Bicycle, Essay examples

It gave the african americans a sense of pride tha Essays

It gave the african americans a sense of pride that they never had before. There wasn't really any change in appearance but there was a change at heart like they started to fight for there right even more. It was originally a cartoon character that was portrayed as a stupid black man and then they turned his ways into laws. That even though the african americans have the same rights as whites the rest of the population does not fulfill the request. The march on washington, which was organized by Dr. Martin Luther King. And the sit ins Yes it did because it led to the destruction of the jim crow laws Because during the war the minority soldiers saw how good the would have been treated in europe so they were big contributors of the civil right movement Because the way that they were treating them was getting out of hand and what was happening was getting leaked out to the other countries as propaganda The people fighting and the fact that what they were doing was cruel and evil Emmett Till was a boy who went to the south to spend some time with his uncle and he talked to a white woman and she told her husband. That night they killed him and shot him and broke every bone in his body. A couple weeks later they found his dead body and the only way they could recognize him was buy the ring on his finger. This case was a huge turning point because it desegregated the schools Rosa parks was sitting on the white half of the bus and she was told to move and she didn't so she was arrested. She then started the movement to boycott the bus and they did until the bus company desegregated the bus. This act ended all segregation in the united states

Prevention Of Sexuall Harrasment In The Army essays

Prevention Of Sexuall Harrasment In The Army essays The elimination of sexual harassment has been a long-standing goal of the United States Army. During recent years the issue of sexual harassment has received significant political and media attention in both government and private sectors. This heightened awareness on the cause of sexual harassment has intensified national debate on prevention strategies. The Army has set up clear guidelines on how to train and educate people on how to both prevent and deal with sexual harassment. Sexual Harassment affects everyone. It detracts from a positive unit climate that promotes individual growth and teamwork. Sexual harassment victimizes males as well as females and can occur at any time, and is not limited to the workplace. For these reasons, the Army says that sexual harassment cannot and will not be tolerated (Army Command Policy 94). The Armys policy on sexual harassment is quite clear. Sexual harassment is unacceptable conduct and will not be tolerated (Army Command Policy 94). It also states that the leadership at all levels will be committed to creating and maintaining an environment conducive to maximum productivity and respect for human dignity. Another point the Army makes with this policy is that prevention of sexual harassment is the responsibility of every soldier and DA civilian. Leaders set the standard for soldiers and department of the Army (D.A.) civilians to follow. The Army basis its successfulness regarding this policy on mission accomplishment, and this can be achieved only in an environment free of sexual harassment. Websters Dictionary defines sexual harassment as the making of unwanted and offensive sexual advances or of sexually offensive remarks or acts, especially by one in a superior or supervisory position or when acquiescence to such behavior is a condition of continued employment, promotion, or satisfactory evaluation. The Army has clarified this definition even mor...

Definition and Examples of Audience Analysis

Definition and Examples of Audience Analysis In the preparation of a speech or a composition, audience analysis is the process of determining the values, interests, and attitudes of the intended or projected  listeners or readers. Karl Terryberry notes that successful writers tailor their messages . . . to the needs and values of the audience. . . . Defining the audience helps writers set communication goals (Writing for the Health Professions, 2005). Examples and Observations of Audience Analysis The goals of clarity, propriety, and persuasiveness dictate that we adapt our arguments, as well as the language in which they are cast, to an audience. Even a well-constructed argument may fail to convince if it is not adapted to your actual audience.Adapting arguments to an audience means that we must know something about the audience we are addressing. The process of audience adaptation begins with an effort to construct an accurate profile of the audience members that considers such factors as their age, race, and economic status; their values and beliefs; and their attitudes toward you and your topic. (James A. Herrick, Argumentation: Understanding and Shaping Arguments. Strata, 2007) Audience Analysis in Business Writing Youre in a new job and eager to impress. So dont let your heart sink if your first big task is to write a report. Its likely to be read by a whole raft of people- and that could include the managing director. . . .A great deal of thinking should go into the report before you actually start to write anything, says Park Sims, adviser to Industrial Society Learning and Development and a director of Park Sims Associates. . .You cannot overestimate the importance of audience analysis, says Park. Are they friends or enemies, competitors or customers? All that will influence mightily what level of detail you go into and what language and style of writing you use. What do they know about the subject already? Can you use jargon? (Karen Hainsworth, Wowing Your Executive Audience. The Guardian, May 25, 2002)Audience analysis is  always a central task in document planning. In most cases, you discover that you must address multiple audiences with varied reasons for using your document. Some wil l need help getting started; others will want to use  the product at advanced levels . . ..When you have pictured the users of your document and their motives and goals, you are better able to organize information to be most helpful to your audience. (James G. Paradis and Muriel L. Zimmerman, The MIT Guide to Science and Engineering Communication, 2nd ed. The MIT Press, 2002) Audience Analysis in Composition [A]n audience analysis guide sheet can be an effective intervention tool for student writers. The worksheet that follows can be used for this purpose, even when students are using new media. Who is my audience? Who do I want my audience to be? What knowledge about the subject does my audience already have?What does my audience think, believe, or understand about this topic before he or she reads my essay?What do I want my audience to think, believe, or understand  about this topic after he or she reads my essay?How do I want my audience to think of me? What role do I want to play in addressing my audience? (Irene L. Clark, Concepts in Composition: Theory and Practice in the Teaching of Writing, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2012) Analyzing an Audience in Public Speaking You might think about these questions as the who, what, where, when, and whys of audience interaction: Who is in this audience?What opinions does your audience already have about the topic you are presenting?Where are you addressing the audience? What things about the context or occasion might influence your audience members interest and dispositions?When are you addressing the audience? This is not just a matter of the time of day, but also why your topic is timely for the audience.Why would your audience be interested in your topic? Why should these people make a particular judgment, change their minds, or take a specific action? In other words, how does your goal intersect with their interests, concerns, and aspirations? This analysis will help you figure out how to make effective choices in your speech.(William Keith and Christian O. Lundberg, Public Speaking: Choice and Responsibility, 2nd. ed. Wadsworth, 2016) George Campbell (1719-1796) and Audience Analysis [Campbells] notions on audience analysis and adaptation and on language control and style perhaps have had the longest range influence on rhetorical practice and theory. With considerable foresight, he told prospective speakers what they need to know about audiences in general and audiences in particular. . . .[In The Philosophy of Rhetoric, Campbell] moved to an analysis of the things which a speaker should know about his particular audience. These include such matters as educational level, moral culture, habits, occupation, political leanings, religious affiliations, and locale. (James L. Golden, The Rhetoric of Western Thought, 8th ed. Kendall/Hunt, 2004) Audience Analysis and the New Rhetoric The New Rhetoric recognizes situation (or context) as the basic principle of communication and revives invention as an indispensable component of rhetoric. In so doing, it establishes audience and audience analysis as important to the rhetorical process and vital to invention. [Chaim] Perelmans and [Stephen] Toulmins theories especially establish audience belief as the basis for all rhetorical activity (which covers most written and spoken discourse), and as the starting point for the construction of arguments. Later, theorists applied the insights of New Rhetoric theory specifically to composition theory and instruction. (Theresa Enos, ed., Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition: Communication from Ancient Times to the Information Age. Taylor Francis, 1996) Hazards and Limitations of Audience Analysis [I]f you pay so much attention to the audience that you inhibit your self-expression, audience analysis has gone too far. (Kristin R. Woolever, About Writing: A Rhetoric for Advanced Writers. Wadsworth, 1991)As Lisa Ede and Andrea Lunsford point out, a key element of much audience analysis is the assumption that knowledge of the audiences attitudes, beliefs, and expectations is not only possible (via observation and analysis) but essential (1984, 156). . .Due to the pervasiveness of an audience-oriented inventional strategy in the history of rhetoric, numerous analytic methods have been developed over the years to aid the rhetor in this hermeneutic task. From Aristotles early efforts to categorize audience responses to George Campbells attempts at engaging the findings of faculty psychology to contemporary demographic attempts to apply cognitive psychology, the tradition offers a vast array of tools for audience analysis, each of which relies on some visible criteria in order to dete rmine an audiences beliefs or values.Nevertheless, these efforts to infer attitudes and beliefs from more observable phenomenon present the analyst with a host of difficulties. One of the most sensitive problems is that the results of such analyses frequently end up looking like a politically egregious form of stereotyping (not unlike the practice of racial profiling). (John Muckelbauer, The Future of Invention: Rhetoric, Postmodernism, and the Problem of Change. SUNY Press, 2008)

Motivation at Workplace Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Motivation at Workplace - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that motivational scholars consider that for every last thing we do (actions and behavior) there is an essential cause or reason; as such it impacts our conduct', our decision of conduct and its perpetual quality, and the measure of exertion put into it. They additionally accept that energy about the reasons will empower forecast and hence take into account impact on those practices or activity. Contemporary exploration and hypotheses have developed and progressed subsequent to those of Skinner who considered execution taking into account inspirations from a behavioral perspective, while Maslow extended his needs pecking order to oblige inspiration regarding individuals trying to fulfill needs inside an orderly request that advances from physiological needs, to security, to social, to regard lastly acknowledgment toward oneself. His needs order represented the essentialness of fulfilling the needs of representatives if inspiration somehow happened to be affecte d and cultivated. Motivational research at the moment concentrates essentially on the determination of what great inspiration- what boost is obliged to expand inspiration - and takes both natural and outward inspiration into thought.

The History of Real Estate in Dubai Research Paper

The History of Real Estate in Dubai - Research Paper Example There are close to 2, 50,000 employees who are mostly south Asian working in real estate projects across Dubai. (Dubai History. n.d) In 1990, under Sheikh Mohammed governance, some very interesting real estate projects were designed and executed like the seven star Burj Al Arab Hotel which became the tallest free standing building in the world. The emirates towers became the tallest commercial building in Asia, Europe and Middle East. During the same time, other notable buildings, world class ideas, mega projects were designed and executed to make a mark in the international arena. Sheikh Mohammed wanted Dubai to be the hub and the location for international investment. The rentals and the return on investment far exceeded the expectation with greater benefits. Sheikh Mohammed also helped in promoting the development of real estate through Emaar properties which is the largest real estate company in Dubai. (Cooper, 2004) One of the turning points in the history of Dubai real estate w as on May 2002 when the government had declared freehold property on land. It was also during this period that the government had also familiarized foreigners to buy freehold property. Prior to this, only UAE nationals were allowed to buy and own property in Dubai which was only on a 99 year lease and this was not very popular with the public. It was only after the adoption of the freehold property and foreign investment that the real estate in Dubai had a boom in the residential property. Dubai then became a city which was built on good ethical practice, foreign investment and good projects. (Cooper, 2004) Foreign Investment in Dubai Real Estate Sector Until 2002, the UAE law had strict rules and policies and did not allow expatriates from owning any property. They were allowed only to rent property or own the property on a lease period approved by the federal law. It was only during this year that the Dubai government had permitted the expats to buy and sell property and this revo lutionized the real estate sector. This decision was taken after understanding that the petrol and the oil reserves which form the main economy booster might perish in 10 years. One of the main strategies of the government was to improve the service sector and the local real estate market in Dubai. (Foreign Investment in Dubai, n.d) The demand for both commercial and residential property market increased rapidly because of the change in government policy. The expatriates from non GCC countries were also allowed to hold properties in the country and this was regarded as a great leap in Dubai as this was not imposed in any other emirate country. There was a sudden increase in foreign investment especially from UK and Europe in the Dubai real estate market. (9) In the recent years the city has been a constant attraction for expat investors. The real estate market in Dubai is largely driven by foreign investment especially the non- Arab companies and individuals, their freehold investme nts total around 60-70% of the entire real estate market. Statistics state that every 3rd property is held by expatiates or foreign companies who live outside Dubai. The portfolios of the investors range from Pakistan, India and other emerging markets such as S. Korea and Brazil. (Foreign Investments Spurs Dubai Real Estate Growth, n.d) Iran is one of the leading and the major partners for Dubai and forms at least 30% of the total business done in Dubai. The

Cultural Differences in Midwifery Care

Cultural Differences in Midwifery Care Introduction The provision of holistic midwifery care is a fundamental role of the midwife (NMC, 2004). However, holistic care must encompass a wide range of practices, including care for the psychosocial and spiritual needs of the women and families within their caseload. One concept which arises within the general healthcare debate and within professional midwifery practice is the notion of cultural competence. This essay focuses on a critique of one article from the midwifery literature which addresses of the needs of one distinct religio-cultural group. Leishman (2004) demonstrates the complex nature of the provision of healthcare in a multi-cultural society. Inequalities exist in the provision of care to diverse ethnic and cultural groups (Salt, 1997). The article being critiqued addresses two issues – the provision of care to parents who have been bereaved, and specifically, the preferences, beliefs, behaviours and needs of one group of clients, those of the Muslim faith. It is publi shed in a midwifery journal and specifically deals with aspects of care which would come under the remit of the midwife within the UK, as specified by the NMC (2004). Discussion The title of the article is clear and simple, and defines the client group as religiously distinct (which also implies cultural distinction) and in a particular state of need due to bereavement. That the client group is defined as Islamic, however, does not take into account the different cultural and racial associations of those who practise Islam. A broad spectrum of cultures and races are associated with the Islamic, faith, suggesting that Islamic people are not a homogenous group. Conversely, it has also been argued that it is important to distinguish between culture (which has racial and religious overtones) and religion as a separate form of difference or identification (Eade, 1997). The failure of research on ethnic and racial or cultural lines to distinguish between religion and culture is notable (Eade, 1997), and it may be the intention of the authors of the critique article to ensure that the distinction is both clear and unequivocal. It may also be another example of the prioritisation of Islam over other social identities which is found so often in the literature (Eade, 1997). The authors further identify the group under consideration as those originating from migrants from the Indian Sub-Continent in the 1950s (Arshad et al, 2004). This group is limited to Asians (2nd and 3rd generation) originating directly or indirectly from this area (Arshad et al, 2004). Such a distinction may be important. Marks and Worboys (1997) discuss the fact that multiple meanings can be attached to the terminology surrounding discussions of culture and ethnicity, terms such as ‘migrant’ and also ‘minority.’ In order to attain cultural competence in the provision of healthcare, it is important to understand the distinctions between those terms utilised within the debate (Srivastava, 2007). Race is usually associated with biological, genetic and physical distinguishing characteristics (Srivastava, 2007). Ethnicity is associated with commonalities of birth, descent, kinship and cultural traditions (Srivastava, 2007). However, culture is harder to define, and includes racial, social, linguistic and other common patterns or characteristics within groups (Srivastava, 2007). This level of ambiguity within the debate does not help illuminate the current situation. By so clearly defining the focus of the client group in this article, the authors are claiming association with religious meaning (Islam) and racial and ethnic groupings (Asian, Indian Sub-Continent). They also support their focus with figures from the locality in question, thus establishing this group further as being of one predominant ethnic group, that of people of Pakistani origin (Arshad et al, 2004). This author can only question whether this adds to the understanding of the reader or further confuses the issue. The group are clearly defined, but what distinguishes them from other Muslims, or even from other ethnic groups from Asia, is not defined at all. Given the continued lack of understanding or awareness of cultural difference in the NHS in the UK (Le Var, 1998), further elucidating details might have been useful here. However, Cortis (2004) found that deficits exist in Registered Nurses knowledge about Pakistani patients in the United Kingdom, which might suggest that a greater understanding of this particularly group is necessary for all healthcare professionals. The Healthcare Commission (2006) found in their investigation of 10 maternal deaths in one hospital trust that women from minority ethnic groups are at higher risk of a pregnancy-related death. In this report, 9 out of the 10 women who died in the time period 2002 to 2005 were from minority ethnic groups, and seven out of these were from Asia (Healthcare Commission, 2006). This would suggest that the maternity care provided to women from these ethnic groups needs to be explored, evaluated and improved. This perhaps relates to the continued drive towards cultural competence in the healthcare services (Srivastava, 2007). It also suggests that there is a need for more specific information and evidence regarding distinct sub-groups within the ethnic mix of clients of the NHS. This article provides information, but its status as a form of evidence could be somewhat questionable. This is a descriptive article containing practical details for the maternity care professional to be able to provide culturally or religiously competent care for Muslims who experience the loss or death of a baby or fetus. Callister (2005) describes descriptive literature in this field as literature which identifies cultural practices to increase understanding of how nurses can more effectively provide culturally competent care for specific racial/ethnic and/or cultural groups of women and children. Establishing the client group’s distinctions early on, however, does not achieve much more than also establishing the authority of the authors in the writing of such an article, as it contains some references, but not as many as would be expected in a research-based article. There is no critical review of the literature, and very little critique or discussion, but rather a presentation of the (assumedly) accepted facts that relate to care for the family and dead infant. As such, th is is useful and informative, but the critical reader cannot but be aware of the lack of reliable evidence. The authority of the authors must be trusted here. Cortis (2003) suggests that culture furnishes the beliefs and values that give individuals a sense of identity, self-worth and belonging, as well as providing rules and guidelines or standards for behaviour. If we believe that culture is something commonly understood by those who share it (Srivastava, 2007), then it could be that a common understanding of Pakistani emigrant Muslim culture exists between the authors of the article, to such an extent that they fail to illuminate certain perhaps important details that would inform the general reader. This is a significant issue in the light of the continued debate about the nature and importance of culture in how people engage with healthcare services and each other. Recent views on culture, although not discarding the importance of a persons cultural inheritance of ideas, values, behaviour and practices, also acknowledge that culture can be affected dynamically by social transformation, social conflicts, power relationships and migrati on (Cortis, 2003). Yet there is no notion of that here, perhaps because the authors are dealing with the strictures of faith rather than culture. There is some statistical evidence of the rates of pregnancy loss infant death in the locality in question, but again, this is poorly related to the rest of the article and seems perhaps a token gesture towards relevance and importance of the information. Also, these statistics refer to White British, Pakistani and Other (Ashard et al, 2004), without making any further distinctions. Without such distinctions, the reader can only understand part of the picture. The ‘Other’ group might also contain people of the Muslim faith, as might the White British group. Again, the authors could have included more critical discussion here of ethnic mix. Some readers might consider that, having identified the group in question, the authors have gone far enough in setting the context of the paper. However, this author also feels that there is a degree of ambiguity in the presentation of this article. By distinguishing the client group to such a degree, it could be assumed that the customs, rites and beliefs referred to in the article are peculiar to this particular ethnic group who subscribe to the Muslim faith. However, it could also be that readers would assume that because the terms used in the article are more general, referring to Muslims as a religious group rather than making ethnic distinctions, these are guidelines to be applied to all Muslims. This ambiguity does not assist the reader in understanding how best to apply this information. Similarly, there is no real acknowledgement of the issue and dangers of stereotyping. Stereotyping has been described as a limiting and intellectually crude way of seeming to understand individuals (Schott and Henley, 1996). There is a tendency for people to stereotype those in groups that they do not belong to or know little about (Schott and Henley, 1996). Again, a critical reader could infer from this article that the authors have stereotyped the client group in question as being similar to all other Muslims. However, the article does raise some other issues which may not be explicit, including the importance and behaviours of family and friends in Islam during such a challenging time (Arshad et al, 2004). There is a clear undertone here that all Muslims behave in this manner because of their common faith. The article is referenced correctly but not very well referenced. Conversely, Leishman (2004) carries out a literature review which highlights some of the more topical issues surrounding the notion of culture and the needs of distinct diverse groups within the healthcare system. One issue that Lieshman (2004) raises is the fact that there is a need not only for health professionals to be aware of other cultures and belief systems, but also to be aware of their own. Addressing this issue, of understanding one’s own reaction to the beliefs and practices of others, might be raised in this article when discussing the practices and behaviours that are associated with Muslim clients following the death of a baby. This would be a useful and relevant practice point for midwives and other healthcare professionals to consider. Another point raised by Lieshman’s (2004) literature review is the need to take into account the past and experiences of ethnic groups, particularly those who, for example, have entered this country as asylum seekers. Similar issues have been raised by other literature (Maternity Alliance, 2004). The group in the critique article are not asylum seekers, but their parents, grandparents, family and friends may be, and the experiences and shared realities may affect their relationship with healthcare services and professionals. Such a potential is highlighted by a report by the Maternity Alliance (Maternity Alliance, 2004). Discounting this issue leaves out the level of detail midwives may require to fully understand and respond to the needs of diverse ‘minority’ groups, perhaps even promoting stereotyping rather than combating it. Thus it can be seen that another author, utilising a more critical and academic approach to the topic, can provide more of a discursive u nderstanding of relevant issues. Similarly, Callister (2005) reviews the literature on cultural competence in the care of women and children, and draws conclusions about the nature of that literature. Through this detailed examination the author is able to define and suggest potential outcomes for clinical care, for education of the professionals who deliver that care and for nursing research to properly explore the most important issues (Callister, 2005). Again, this article misses important opportunities to link the issues of concern to the current literature and to opportunities to develop better practice through educational development and research. For example, Callister (2005) suggests that studies are needed exploring organisational and work environment issues to better promote cultural competence. Simply being conversant with the basics of Islamic beliefs and practices surrounding death is not enough to promote true sensitivity and individualised care. Cultural sensitivity has been described as the attitudes, values, beliefs and personal insight of healthcare providers (Doorenbos et al, 2005). Such sensitivity involves acknowledgement of personal heritage and beliefs, openness to otherness, and respect for the complex ways in which cultural issues influence every aspect of healthcare (Doorenbos et al, 2005). However, the Arshad et al, (2004) article does not deal with the challenges of promoting cultural sensitivity, not does it distinguish between the different kinds of knowledge, understanding and skills necessary to provide care for this client group in these circumstances. A thorough, critical literature review, especially perhaps of any research or case studies that might illuminate the issues, would have considerably enhanced the paper. Doorenbos et al (2005) highlight and discuss existing models of cultural competence within healthcare, and evaluate one of the models used to assess one cultural competence assessment instrument. Application of such models to the situations described by Arshad et al (2004) might also have enhanced the quality of their argument and elevated their paper into the realms of evidence for practice rather than information for practice. Doorenbos et al (2005) describe cultural competence of healthcare providers as being central to the healthcare system’s ability to provide access to and provision of high-quality healthcare services, and link it to the drive to reduce health disparities. Srivastava (2007) links cultural competence to respect, knowledge and skills, and the ability to use them effectively in cross-cultural care situations. Some discussion of cultural competence in the Arshad et al (2004) article might also have perhaps allowed a more critical awareness of the subject. The conclusions the authors draw are that individuals have unique responses to grief and loss, regardless of religious background or belief systems (Arshad et al, 2004). This is no innovative or surprising finding, but the fact that they make no other conclusions is surprising. They also conclude that the resulting distress is often overwhelming (Arshad et al, 2004), another generalisation which is not new and does not really add anything to the debate. These conclusions do not really relate to the rest of the article, which is chiefly concerned with describing the beliefs and practices of Muslim people around the death of a child (Arshad et al, 2004). They also highlight that health professionals may not feel properly equipped or be well enough informed to support families of different faiths at such a time (Arshad et al, 2004). This is a fact well established by a range of other literature within healthcare and within midwifery (Srivastava, 2007; Marks and Worboys, 1997; Schott and Henley, 1996). The recommendations which are given are similarly brief and somewhat vague. Arshad et al (2004) suggest that an insight into religious beliefs and practices can only be beneficial when delivering care in the field of loss and bereavement. This is a rather sweeping statement, because while they do take into account the need to avoid generalisation, they have in fact generalised throughout the article and failed to provide any critical evaluation or insight into, for example, the differences in culture, race, background and practices that may exist between people who nevertheless subscribe to Islam. However, this may be this author’s own ethnocentrism surfacing – it could be that the expression of Islamic faith is universal and changes little between ethnic, racial or cultural groups. This article might be simply stemming from such a simple fact. The Maternity Alliance (2004) found that serious inequalities still exist in the provision of maternity care to women from minority ethnic groups, especially women who were asylum seekers. There is a need for more investigation of the reasons why staff are still improperly equipped to provide the highest standard of individualised care free of bias, prejudice or stereotyping. There is also a need to investigate the reasons for continued inequalities in access to and experience of healthcare, and any possible links between the two. There are a number of implications for midwifery practice, though these are not as explicitly stated within the article as they could be. The main and most useful implication is the need to provide correct and sensitive care for Muslim clients when they experience pregnancy loss or the death of an infant. This article is ideal to use to inform midwives of this. Other implications for midwifery practice are inherent in the article, and include, for example, implications for the practicalities of care provision in often busy maternity units within the NHS. The placing of the body so that it is facing Mecca, for example, is an important consideration for midwives who are usually the professionals who prepare the body of an infant or fetus following death. Another consideration is the fact that the whole of the body including the placenta and umbilical cord, should be buried (Arshad et al, 2004). It would be easy for a midwife to cause significant distress to a family by following usual hospital protocol for disposal of placenta, membranes and cord. There may also be issues of health and safety to be considered in the storage and transport of these tissues. If a midwife was aware of these particular religious practices, she might be able to discuss them with the client at an appropriate time and ensure that all their needs are met. Cortis (2003) suggests that nurses should appreciate how the domains of culture need to be used for data collection to identify specific cultural needs. It is through this process that important domains health beliefs, communication, spirituality, death and dying distinguish the needs of patients (Cortis, 2003). Cultural assessment also offers midwives and other healthcare professionals the opportunity for identifying potential differences between theirs and their patients’ value systems (Cortis, 2003). Chenowethm et al (2006) describes the common clash between healthcare professional’s perceptions of the professional responsibility to deliver care in a particular way, and the patient’s view of how they wish to be cared for. Such clashes are somewhat inevitable, but if anything can help t o overcome them or minimise them, it can only be of benefit to the midwifery profession. Chenowethm et al (2006) suggest one way to ensure cultural sensitivity is to access community resources appropriate to the cultural or ethnic group under consideration. This issue, however is not explicitly addressed in the Arshad et al (2004) article. More general issues for midwifery are those which apply to the broader, clinical governance spectrum of the maternity services as part of the healthcare services. The Department of Health (2007) in its operating framework for 2007-08 lay out core principles for the provision of care in the NHS. These include individualised care, partnership working, respecting dignity, reducing inequality and providing access to all based on need (DOH, 2007). Such a vision is nothing new, but does once again remind midwives of the need to provide both culturally sensitive and appropriate services. The information in this article may contribute to the development of such services, but it is the opinion of this author that it is still inadequate in addressing the complexity of the issues. However, Arshad et al (2007) do not address a range of other issues which can be found in the literature. For example, Park et al (2007) state that recruitment and retention efforts for non-white midwives, regular edu cation for cultural competence of midwives, and provision of culturally and linguistically appropriate care for women from ethnic minorities should be considered in future provision of maternity services. Neile (1995) also pinpoints education as important in supporting midwives gain a realistic insight into how the needs of the multiracial community may be met. There appears to be a need for a comprehensive programme of multicultural education for all midwifery professionals (Neile, 1996), a view which is echoed by Campinha-Bacote (2006) and Brathwaite and Majumdar (2006). If the Arshad et al (2004) article more directly targeted itself at professional education, it might have greater impact on the improvement of services. The Arshad et al (2004) article was published in the British Journal of Midwifery, which claims to be the leading clinical journal for midwives (BJM, 2007). This is well known as the pre-eminent peer-reviewed Journal for midwives in the United Kingdom, and the editorial board contains a range of the most senior and well respected midwives and midwifery academics in the country (BJM, 2007). The article is available by subscription online and in print, and is available in most Universities and Trust libraries. Contents, discussions and abstracts can also be found online, making this very accessible. This would give the article a degree of weight and authority, and as the BJM has such a large distribution – national and international – this adds further authority to the article. The writers themselves appear well qualified to write an article on this topic, in that it is written by two Muslim chaplains (one of whom is an Imam) and one bereavement support midwife. Thus the reader would be more inclined to accept and use their assertions in practice. This may explain why such a respected, peer-reviewed journal has accepted an article which is not related to research or a literature review. The authors do not appear to have published in other peer-reviewed journals but have contributed to the development of Trust policies and publications locally (Bradford NHS Trust, 2007). The rationale for the article seems sound. Arshad et al (2004) suggest that supporting parents who are bereaved following pregnancy loss can be complicated by a lack of knowledge and understanding of specific spiritual needs, leaving professionals feeling helpless and families feeling dissatisfied. The purpose, therefore, of their article is to provide information to address this issue (Arshad et al, 2004). This proposal seems reasonable and even necessary, given the need for improved understanding, knowledge, awareness and attitudes highlighted by the literature (Srivastava, 2007; Marks and Worboys, 1997; Schott and Henley, 1996). Cortis (2004) highlights the fact that there is a continued need for research into multi-cultural aspects of care. Through one research study, Cortis (2004) also identifies the danger of ethnocentrism in the health services, suggesting that it may contribute to racism, as ethnocentric practice fails to recognize significant cultural differences and their importance for the people concerned. If this is true, then such an article, informative and descriptive in nature, may contribute to the quality of care by informing those with ethnocentric tendencies of important details relating to this client group. However, in the provision of individualised care, this article may not supply the level of critical detail that the truly client-centred midwife would need to fully enhance their practice in this area. They also claim that the rituals and beliefs of Islam in these circumstances are complex and may appear strange to the uninitiated (Arshad et al, 2004). Conclusion As has been demonstrated, this article provides a descriptive, factual picture of the beliefs, practices and behaviours that Muslims experiencing pregnancy loss or infant death might display. It is of some use to midwives in an informative manner, but also does not seem to address the complex and challenging nature of the provision of care to a range of clients whose only common factor may be their Islamic faith. It does not address the issue of evidence-based care, and fails to engage in any real critique of the evidence base, literature or debate which does exist around this topic. It also fails to highlight some key terms of the current debate, including notions of cultural competence and cultural sensitivity, to any great degree. There are a range of issues which could have been highlighted such as education, communication and immigration. However, any truly client-centred midwife can only conclude that the information itself is vital to the provision of midwifery care to such cl ients and it also serves to highlight the notion of the great differences that exist in responses to and behaviours around pregnancy bereavement within different racial, ethnic and religious groups in society. Any such article has a place in the drive to improve care standards and quality, and should be incorporated into client-centred care. References Arshad, M., Horsfall, A., Yasin, R. () ‘Pregnancy loss- the Islamic perspective.’ British Journal of Midwifery 12 (8) 481-484. Bradford NHS Trust (2007) www.meded.bradfordhospitals.nhs.uk/DesktopModules/ViewDocument.aspx? 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